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文法 · JLPT N3 grammar
〜以上(は)
ijou wa · now that ~, since ~ (so naturally)
〜以上(は) means since this is the case, something must follow: 約束した以上、守らなければならない, now that I promised, I must keep it.
How to form it
| Verb (plain) + 以上(は) | 引き受けた以上 |
| Noun + である + 以上(は) | 学生である以上 |
How it is used
The second half is a duty, resolve or judgement: 〜なければならない, 〜つもりだ, 〜べきだ.
Do not confuse it with 以上 as more than (三人以上) or that is all (以上です).
Examples
Tap a kanji for its reading.
- 約束した以上、守らなければなりません。Having promised, I have to keep my word.
- 試合に出る以上、勝ちたいです。Since I'm playing in the match, I want to win.
- 学生である以上、勉強するのは当然だ。As a student, it's only natural to study.
- 引き受けた以上は、最後までやります。Now that I've taken it on, I'll see it through.
Practice: 2 JLPT questions using 〜以上(は)
メールについて筆者はどう考えているか。
A bundle of letters from twenty years ago turned up in a cupboard at my parents' house — from friends in my student days.
Rereading them, what surprised me was not the content but the handwriting. On days written in a hurry the letters are messy; on calm days they're neat. The writer's state that day is preserved on the paper.
Email carries feeling too. But as long as it's shown in the same font, it can't convey health or mood. Whether that's a good thing, I don't know.
Q: What does the writer think about email? — It conveys feeling, but not health or mood.
中学2年生の田中さんは、一人でどの部に出られますか。
Which race can the 2nd-year junior-high student enter alone? → The 5 km race.